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Thomas Humphrey Marshall
Thomas Humphrey Marshall (19 December 1893, London – 29 November 1981, Cambridge) was a British sociologist, most noted for his essays, such as the essay collection ''Citizenship and Social Class''.
He was born in 1893 and educated at Rugby School, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a civilian prisoner in Germany during World War I. From 1914 to 1918 he was a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and then joined the LSE as a lecturer between 1919 and 1925. He went on to become the Head of the Social Science Department, London School of Economics from 1939 to 1944, and worked for UNESCO as the head of the Social Science Department from 1956 to 1960,〔Blyton, P. (1982). T.H. Marshall 1893–1981. ''International Social Science Journal.'' Vol. 91(1), pp. 157–8.〕 possibly contributing to the United Nations International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which was drafted in 1954, but not ratified until 1966.
== Philosophy of social science ==
Modern political science pioneer Seymour Martin Lipset argues that Marshall proposes a model of social science based on the middle range analysis of social structures and institutions, as opposed to grand theories of the purposes of development and modernisation, which were criticised by modern sociologists such as Robert K. Merton for being too speculative to provide valid results.〔Lipset, S.M. (1965). "Introduction." In T.H. Marshall (Ed.). ''Class, Citizenship, and Social Development.'' 2nd ed. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books. pp. xvii–xviii.〕 By using such a middle range approach, Marshall and his mentor L. T. Hobhouse believed that rigid class distinctions could be dissolved and middle class citizenship generalised through a careful understanding of social mechanisms. He also believed this would allow sociology to become an international discipline, helping "to increase mutual understanding between cultures" and further international co-operation.〔Marshall, T.H. (1959). "International Comprehension in Social Science." In T.H. Marshall (Ed.)(1965). ''Class, Citizenship, and Social Development.'' 2nd ed. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books. pp. 47–8.〕 While employing some concepts from Marxist conflict theory, such as social class and revolution, Marshall's analyses are based on functionalist concerns with phenomena such as "consensus, the normal, and ''anomie''; co-operation and conflict; structure and growth," within self-contained systems.〔Marshall, T.H. (1960). "Sociology – The Road Ahead." In T.H. Marshall (Ed.)(1965). ''Class, Citizenship, and Social Development.'' 2nd ed. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books. p. 33.〕 Rather than studying "society," which may include non-systemic elements, Marshall argues that the task of sociology is:
the analytical and explanatory study of social systems....a set of interrelated and reciprocal activities having the following characteristics. The activities are repetitive and predictable to the degree necessary, first, to permit of purposeful, peaceful and orderly behaviour of the members of the society, and secondly to enable the pattern of action to continue in being, that is to say to preserve its identity even while gradually changing its shape.〔Marshall, 1960, p. 28.〕
Whereas Marxists point to the internal contradictions of capital accumulation and class inequality (intra-systemic), Marshall sees phenomena that are anti-systemic as partly "alien" to the social system.〔Marshall, 1960, p. 33.〕
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